A Transformative Approach to School Reform: An Analysis of Improbable Scholars by David L. Kirp

In his book Improbable Scholars: The Rebirth of a Great American School System and a Strategy for America's Schools, David L. Kirp offers an insightful analysis of the transformation of Union City, New Jersey’s public schools, one of the most improbable success stories in American education. Kirp provides a detailed account of how a poor, predominantly Latino school district turned its educational system around, defying expectations of failure and producing impressive results in terms of student achievement. By highlighting the district’s commitment to early childhood education, bilingual education, and a collaborative school culture, Kirp lays out a compelling case for what works in school reform and suggests strategies that could be applied across the country. This essay explores the key themes of Kirp’s book, including the importance of community involvement, sustainable reform efforts, and the value of a holistic approach to education.

A Focus on Early Childhood Education

One of the central tenets of Union City’s educational revival is its commitment to early childhood education, particularly in the form of high-quality pre-kindergarten programs. Kirp (2013) argues that early education is one of the most important factors in improving long-term educational outcomes. Union City made significant investments in its early childhood programs, ensuring that all children, regardless of their socio-economic status, had access to early learning opportunities. This focus on the early years is grounded in research that demonstrates that early intervention is critical to closing achievement gaps and setting students up for success throughout their academic careers (Kirp, 2013).

Through the expansion of pre-K programs and the development of a strong partnership between teachers, parents, and the community, Union City ensured that children entered kindergarten ready to learn. Kirp underscores that the district’s early childhood programs were not just about providing childcare, but about offering rigorous, developmentally appropriate education that fostered both academic and social growth. By focusing on the youngest learners, Union City set the stage for continued success throughout the elementary and secondary grades.

Bilingual Education: A Pathway to Success

Another significant factor in the success of Union City’s schools, according to Kirp, is its dedication to bilingual education. Union City is a predominantly Latino community, and many of its students are English language learners (ELLs). Instead of viewing bilingualism as a disadvantage, the district leveraged it as an asset. Kirp (2013) highlights the district’s bilingual education programs, which are designed to teach students both English and their native language. By doing so, Union City not only helps students become proficient in English but also values their cultural and linguistic backgrounds.

Bilingual education programs in Union City go beyond simply teaching English. They emphasize the importance of academic success in both languages, which ensures that students are not left behind in their native language while they are learning English. Kirp discusses how the district’s bilingual education model has contributed to higher student achievement by giving students a strong foundation in both languages, thereby improving their cognitive abilities and ensuring that they remain academically competitive. By focusing on the cultural and linguistic needs of its students, Union City created a learning environment where students could thrive in both their native language and in English.

The Power of Community and Collaboration

Perhaps one of the most critical elements of Union City’s success is the district’s focus on community engagement and collaboration. Kirp (2013) emphasizes that education is not just the responsibility of the school but of the entire community. The involvement of parents, local organizations, and community leaders was key to the transformation of Union City’s schools. Teachers and administrators worked together with the community to create a shared vision for the schools, and this sense of shared responsibility helped to foster a culture of care and mutual support.

The district also made efforts to ensure that parents were involved in their children’s education, not just by attending parent-teacher conferences but by actively participating in the educational process. Union City’s schools engaged parents in meaningful ways, encouraging them to support their children’s learning at home and to become advocates for the schools within the broader community. Kirp (2013) notes that this collaboration between schools and families helped create a sense of ownership and pride in the community, which further fueled the success of the school district.

Sustained Reform and a Focus on Long-Term Change

Kirp (2013) argues that many school reform efforts fail because they are either too short-term or too superficial. However, Union City’s reform efforts were different because they were sustained over time and built on existing strengths rather than imposing drastic, top-down changes. The district’s leadership, including Superintendent Stanley Sanger, recognized that effective school improvement requires time, consistency, and a deep understanding of the local context. Kirp’s narrative highlights how Union City’s leaders were committed to creating lasting change, rather than simply implementing temporary fixes.

By focusing on long-term solutions and maintaining a commitment to high standards, Union City was able to create an educational system that not only improved student outcomes but also built the capacity of teachers, administrators, and the community to sustain those improvements over time. Kirp’s work underscores that school reform cannot be achieved through quick fixes or one-size-fits-all solutions but through deliberate, community-driven efforts that focus on the holistic development of both students and educators.

Conclusion

David L. Kirp’s Improbable Scholars offers valuable insights into what makes school reform successful. By focusing on early childhood education, bilingualism, and community engagement, Union City’s schools were able to achieve remarkable results despite significant challenges. The district’s success underscores the importance of sustainable, long-term efforts to improve education and shows that school reform is not just about implementing new policies but about fostering a culture of care, collaboration, and shared responsibility. Kirp’s work provides a blueprint for other districts looking to transform their educational systems, offering hope that with the right focus and community involvement, even the most improbable success stories are possible.

References

Kirp, D. L. (2013). Improbable scholars: The rebirth of a great American school system and a strategy for America's schools. Oxford University Press.

Advancing Multicultural Education: Fostering Inclusive and Equitable Learning Environments

Multicultural education is a critical framework for fostering inclusive and equitable learning environments in an increasingly diverse world. As schools and universities become more racially, ethnically, and culturally diverse, educators must develop pedagogical approaches that honor and validate the experiences of all students. This essay explores the importance of advancing multicultural education, the key principles that guide it, and the role of educators in ensuring its effective implementation. Drawing from scholarly sources, this essay argues that multicultural education is essential for promoting equity, social justice, and academic success for all students.

Understanding Multicultural Education

Multicultural education is a broad and dynamic concept that aims to address the diverse needs of students by recognizing, respecting, and integrating multiple cultural perspectives within the curriculum, pedagogy, and school climate (Banks, 2015). According to James A. Banks, one of the leading scholars in the field, multicultural education involves transforming traditional educational practices to ensure that all students, regardless of their cultural background, have equal access to high-quality education. It encompasses the development of students' awareness of cultural diversity, the integration of diverse perspectives into the curriculum, and the promotion of an inclusive school environment (Banks, 2015).

Banks outlines several key dimensions of multicultural education, including content integration, the development of an inclusive curriculum, and the transformation of school policies and practices. Content integration refers to incorporating diverse cultural perspectives into academic subjects, ensuring that students learn about the history, contributions, and perspectives of different cultural groups. This approach helps students develop a more comprehensive understanding of the world around them and promotes a sense of belonging for students from underrepresented backgrounds (Banks, 2015). By embedding multicultural content into traditional disciplines such as history, literature, and social studies, educators can create a more inclusive learning environment that values the cultural richness of all students.

The Role of Teachers in Multicultural Education

Educators play a pivotal role in advancing multicultural education, and their commitment to promoting diversity and inclusion is essential for creating a welcoming and equitable classroom environment. According to Nieto (2017), teachers must engage in self-reflection and examine their own biases, assumptions, and cultural perspectives in order to effectively serve the diverse needs of their students. A key component of multicultural education is the development of cultural competence, which involves understanding the cultural backgrounds of students and using that knowledge to inform teaching practices. Teachers must cultivate cultural competence to establish meaningful connections with students and create a learning environment that honors their identities and experiences (Nieto, 2017).

Moreover, educators must recognize the impact of social and structural inequalities on students' educational experiences. By acknowledging the historical and contemporary challenges faced by marginalized groups, teachers can provide a more equitable educational experience. Nieto (2017) emphasizes that teachers should not only focus on academic success but also on fostering students' social and emotional well-being, particularly for those who have been historically marginalized. Multicultural education, in this sense, becomes a tool for social justice, as it challenges the status quo and works toward dismantling inequities within educational systems.

Challenges and Opportunities in Advancing Multicultural Education

Despite the importance of multicultural education, its implementation is often met with challenges. One of the main obstacles is the resistance to change within educational systems, which can be entrenched in traditional practices and curricula. Teachers and administrators may face difficulties in integrating multicultural perspectives into their lessons, especially if they lack the resources, training, or support to do so effectively (Gay, 2018). Furthermore, there may be political or ideological resistance to multicultural education, particularly in environments where there is opposition to the inclusion of diverse cultural perspectives or the discussion of issues such as race, class, and power.

However, the growing diversity of student populations presents an opportunity to advance multicultural education. As the demographic makeup of classrooms continues to shift, there is an increasing demand for educational practices that reflect the cultural backgrounds of students. The rise of culturally responsive teaching, which focuses on making learning relevant to students' cultural contexts, offers a promising approach to advancing multicultural education. Gay (2018) argues that culturally responsive teaching allows educators to connect with students' lived experiences and create a more engaging and meaningful learning environment. By adopting culturally responsive teaching strategies, educators can foster greater academic engagement, reduce achievement gaps, and promote social justice in education.

The Impact of Multicultural Education on Student Outcomes

Research consistently demonstrates the positive impact of multicultural education on student outcomes. Studies have shown that students who engage with diverse perspectives are more likely to develop critical thinking skills, greater empathy, and a deeper understanding of global issues (Gay, 2018). Additionally, multicultural education has been linked to increased student motivation and academic achievement, particularly for students from marginalized communities. By validating students' cultural identities and fostering a sense of belonging, multicultural education contributes to a positive school climate and enhances overall student well-being.

Furthermore, multicultural education prepares students to navigate an increasingly globalized world. As the workforce becomes more interconnected, students who are exposed to diverse cultural perspectives will be better equipped to collaborate with individuals from different backgrounds and contribute to the development of a more inclusive society. By promoting respect for diversity and encouraging critical reflection on issues of power and privilege, multicultural education equips students with the tools they need to become active, engaged citizens in a democratic society.

Conclusion

Advancing multicultural education is essential for promoting equity, social justice, and academic success in diverse educational settings. By integrating diverse cultural perspectives into the curriculum, fostering cultural competence in educators, and creating inclusive learning environments, schools can ensure that all students have equal opportunities to succeed. Despite the challenges that may arise in implementing multicultural education, the benefits for both students and society are profound. As the demographic makeup of classrooms continues to evolve, the need for multicultural education will only grow, and educators must be prepared to embrace the opportunities it offers to create more equitable and inclusive learning environments.

References

Banks, J. A. (2015). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives (9th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Gay, G. (2018). Culturally responsive teaching: Theory, research, and practice (3rd ed.). Teachers College Press.

Nieto, S. (2017). Language, culture, and teaching: Critical perspectives (3rd ed.). Routledge.

Bridging the Gap: How New Jersey Community Colleges and Universities Collaborate with High Schools to Advance Student Success

In recent decades, the collaboration between New Jersey's high schools, community colleges, and universities has significantly expanded, aiming to improve college readiness and access for all students. Through structured dual enrollment programs, college transition initiatives, and early college high school models, these partnerships help students gain early exposure to postsecondary coursework, reduce college costs, and build confidence in their academic abilities. These programs have grown considerably since the late 1990s and continue to evolve in both scale and impact.

One of the earliest examples of such collaboration in New Jersey began in 1999 with the founding of Liberty High School in Jersey City. Established through a partnership between the Jersey City Board of Education and Hudson County Community College, Liberty High School was designed as a “middle college” program. Students had the opportunity to earn up to 24 college credits during high school, blending secondary and postsecondary learning to foster a college-going culture (Liberty High School, 2024).

Since then, dual enrollment programs have become a widespread mechanism across New Jersey. For example, Essex County College (ECC) officially launched its structured Dual Enrollment Program in 2017, beginning with 22 juniors from Newark East Side High School. The program aimed to help these students earn an Associate in Arts Degree in Liberal Arts by the time they graduated from high school. By June 2019, 17 of those students had successfully completed both their high school diploma and associate degree, demonstrating the program’s early success (Essex County College, 2024).

Similarly, Brookdale Community College offers a dual enrollment program that allows high school students to complete up to 12 college credits during their senior year. These courses are taught either on Brookdale’s campus or in the high school setting by qualified instructors, ensuring students experience rigorous academic standards while still in high school (Brookdale Community College, 2024). At County College of Morris, students can enroll in a variety of college-level courses designed to prepare them for both academic and professional pathways (County College of Morris, 2024).

Universities have also expanded their offerings. Stevens Institute of Technology developed a Dual Enrollment Program aimed at providing high school students across New Jersey with a competitive advantage through advanced STEM coursework and mentorship (Stevens Institute of Technology, 2024). William Paterson University and Fairleigh Dickinson University offer similar programs that allow high school juniors and seniors to take credit-bearing university courses—either online or on campus—thereby easing their transition into four-year college programs (Fairleigh Dickinson University, 2024; William Paterson University, 2024).

These dual enrollment programs are part of a larger, statewide effort supported by the New Jersey Department of Education (NJDOE). In 2022, NJDOE released a comprehensive Dual Enrollment Study Commission Report that advocated for the expansion of high-quality dual enrollment programs to increase access and equity. The report emphasized the need to provide underrepresented students, including students of color and those from low-income communities, with meaningful opportunities to earn college credit during high school (New Jersey Department of Education, 2022).

Moreover, research supports the positive outcomes of dual enrollment programs. A study conducted by the New Jersey Office of the Secretary of Higher Education (OSHE) found that students who participated in dual enrollment were significantly more likely to enroll in college immediately after high school and persist through degree completion compared to their peers who did not participate in such programs (New Jersey Secretary of Higher Education, 2023). These findings align with national trends indicating that dual enrollment boosts college-going rates and reduces the need for remedial coursework (An, 2013).

The dual enrollment movement in New Jersey has also become more inclusive and strategic over time. Programs are now targeting broader student populations, offering courses in a wide range of disciplines including business, engineering, education, and healthcare. The New Jersey Council of County Colleges (NJCCC) continues to support these initiatives by promoting policies and resources that encourage seamless transitions from high school to college (New Jersey Council of County Colleges, 2024).

In conclusion, New Jersey has made significant progress in advancing student success through dual enrollment and collaborative educational pathways. From Liberty High School’s early beginnings in 1999 to the wide-ranging programs offered by community colleges and universities today, these partnerships demonstrate a commitment to academic equity, college readiness, and long-term student achievement. Continued investment in these initiatives will be crucial in closing opportunity gaps and ensuring that all students—regardless of background—can thrive in higher education.

References 

An, B. P. (2013). The impact of dual enrollment on college degree attainment: Do low-SES students benefit? Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 35(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.3102/0162373712461933

Brookdale Community College. (2024). Dual enrollment for high school students. https://www.brookdalecc.edu/admissions/getting-started/dual-enrollment-for-high-school-students/

County College of Morris. (2024). High school dual enrollment programs. https://www.ccm.edu/admissions/high-school-dual-enrollment/

Essex County College. (2024). Dual enrollment program. https://catalog.essex.edu/community-continuing-education-workforce-development/high-school-dual-enrollment/

Fairleigh Dickinson University. (2024). Early college dual enrollment program. https://www.fdu.edu/lifelong-learning-at-fdu/high-school-programs/dual-enrollment/

Liberty High School. (2024). Overview. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberty_High_School_(New_Jersey)

New Jersey Council of County Colleges. (2024). Putting all high school students on a path to postsecondary success. https://www.njcommunitycolleges.org

New Jersey Department of Education. (2022). Dual enrollment study commission report. https://www.nj.gov/education/cte/dualenrollment/docs/DualEnrollmentStudyCommissionReport2022.pdf

New Jersey Secretary of Higher Education. (2023). Review of dual enrollment participation and outcomes in New Jersey. https://njsds.nj.gov/wp-content/uploads/Review_of_Dual_Enrollment_Participation_and_Outcomes_in_New_Jersey.pdf

Stevens Institute of Technology. (2024). Dual enrollment program for New Jersey high school students. https://www.stevens.edu/dual-enrollment-program-for-new-jersey-high-school-students

William Paterson University. (2024). Dual enrollment program. https://www.wpunj.edu/dualenrollment/index.html

Advancing Access and Success: How New Jersey Institutions Support First-Generation College Students

In New Jersey, first-generation college students—those whose parents did not attain a four-year college degree—represent a significant portion of the undergraduate population. As institutions of higher education seek to improve college access, retention, and completion for historically underserved populations, colleges and universities across the state have developed targeted programs and support systems designed to meet the needs of these students. These initiatives not only address academic preparedness and financial barriers but also create inclusive environments that validate and empower students’ identities and lived experiences. As a result, first-generation students in New Jersey are making substantial progress toward degree attainment and long-term professional goals.

First-generation students often face unique challenges that differ from their continuing-generation peers, including limited knowledge about navigating higher education systems, financial constraints, and a lack of familial or peer role models in college (Engle & Tinto, 2008). In response to these barriers, institutions such as Ramapo College, Montclair State University, and Rutgers University have created comprehensive first-generation student initiatives that offer personalized academic advising, mentorship, and peer-led workshops. For example, Ramapo College’s First-Generation Student Center supports a student population in which 45% of the incoming class identify as first-generation. The center provides academic coaching, family engagement events, and culturally responsive support, helping to foster a sense of belonging that is critical to persistence (Ramapo College, 2024).

Likewise, Montclair State University, where 48% of incoming students in Fall 2024 identified as first-generation, provides a range of transition programs and community-building efforts that include First-Gen Week celebrations and mentor matching with faculty and staff who are also first-generation college graduates (Montclair State University, 2024). These practices align with research emphasizing the role of mentorship and institutional engagement in promoting resilience and retention among first-generation students (Ward et al., 2012).

New Jersey City University (NJCU) has taken this support a step further by establishing the First-Generation Champion Institute, launched in Fall 2023. This initiative trains faculty and staff to better understand the experiences of first-generation students and equips them with tools to provide intentional and empathetic support. With 54% of its student population identifying as first-generation, NJCU’s model demonstrates the importance of institutional culture change as a component of student success (NJCU, 2024).

At the statewide level, the New Jersey Office of the Secretary of Higher Education (OSHE) plays a critical role in supporting policy development and programming for first-generation learners. One of the most impactful initiatives is the Educational Opportunity Fund (EOF), which provides both financial assistance and academic support services for students from educationally and economically disadvantaged backgrounds. EOF scholars often represent first-generation college-goers, and they consistently graduate at higher rates than similarly situated peers who are not part of the program (New Jersey OSHE, 2023). The annual recognition of EOF scholars by the OSHE underscores the state’s commitment to promoting excellence and equity in higher education.

Moreover, New Jersey’s “Some College, No Degree” initiative addresses the needs of first-generation students who began postsecondary education but did not complete a degree. This program helps reenroll and support students who have stopped out, many of whom are navigating higher education without familial precedent. As of 2024, the initiative has successfully reconnected over 8,600 students with degree pathways, demonstrating the impact of targeted outreach and tailored support (New Jersey OSHE, 2024).

Community colleges, such as Brookdale Community College, have also adopted holistic strategies to assist first-generation students. Brookdale offers dedicated advising, first-year seminars, and transfer articulation agreements that make the path to a bachelor’s degree more transparent and achievable. Their initiatives are grounded in an understanding that access to higher education must be accompanied by structural and emotional support to yield meaningful student outcomes (Brookdale Community College, 2024).

Additionally, partnerships with national organizations like America Needs You (ANY) provide further avenues for success. Kean University recently had eleven first-generation students selected for ANY’s competitive fellowship, which offers career development, mentorship, and networking opportunities. Such partnerships extend students’ support networks and enhance their social capital—both of which are vital for professional advancement (Kean University, 2024).

The positive outcomes of these programs are supported by empirical research, which finds that structured support services for first-generation students significantly improve retention and graduation rates (Cataldi et al., 2018). These efforts not only help students meet their academic goals but also contribute to broader social mobility, as first-generation graduates are more likely to uplift their families and communities through increased earnings, civic engagement, and educational advocacy.

New Jersey’s colleges, universities, and community colleges have made commendable strides in supporting first-generation students through comprehensive, evidence-based programming. From institutional centers and state-funded initiatives to national partnerships, these programs demonstrate a nuanced understanding of the barriers faced by first-generation students and offer targeted solutions to bridge the gap in educational attainment. By focusing on mentorship, inclusive practices, and long-term academic planning, these efforts do more than promote college access—they empower students to thrive, persist, and graduate with the skills and confidence to lead in an increasingly complex world.

References

Brookdale Community College. (2024). Are you a first-gen student? https://www.brookdalecc.edu/are-you-a-first-gen-student/

Cataldi, E. F., Bennett, C. T., & Chen, X. (2018). First-generation students: College access, persistence, and postbachelor’s outcomes (NCES 2018-421). National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/pubs2018/2018421.pdf

Engle, J., & Tinto, V. (2008). Moving beyond access: College success for low-income, first-generation students. Pell Institute for the Study of Opportunity in Higher Education. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED504448.pdf

Kean University. (2024). Kean first-generation students chosen for America Needs You career program. https://www.kean.edu/news/kean-first-generation-students-chosen-america-needs-you-career-program

Montclair State University. (2024). First-generation initiatives. https://www.montclair.edu/first-gen/

New Jersey City University (NJCU). (2024). First-Generation Champion Institute elevates support for first-gen students. https://www.njcu.edu/about/news/2024/04/njcus-first-generation-champion-institute-elevates-support-first-gen-students

New Jersey Office of the Secretary of Higher Education (OSHE). (2023). EOF scholars to be honored by NJ OSHE. https://www.shu.edu/student-services/news/eof-scholars-to-be-honored-by-nj-oshe.html

New Jersey Office of the Secretary of Higher Education (OSHE). (2024). Some College, No Degree initiative. https://www.nj.gov/highereducation/

Ramapo College. (2024). First-Generation Student Center. https://www.ramapo.edu/first-gen/

Ward, L., Siegel, M. J., & Davenport, Z. (2012). First-generation college students: Understanding and improving the experience from recruitment to commencement. Jossey-Bass.

Ethnic Diversity and Giving: Hispanic and Latino Donors in Higher Education Philanthropy

Latino and Hispanic donors represent a growing and influential segment of the philanthropic landscape, especially within the context of higher education. According to Tempel et al. (2016), philanthropy among communities of color is deeply rooted in values such as family, cultural identity, collective success, and community uplift. “There is a growing recognition that the philanthropic sector can learn from long traditions of philanthropy in communities of color” (Tempel et al., 2016, p. 337)  These values often drive giving patterns that prioritize immediate impact and visible community benefit, such as funding scholarships and student support services. A powerful example of this kind of culturally grounded philanthropy is the work of the Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities (HACU).

Established in 1986, HACU serves as the national voice for Hispanic Serving Institutions and currently represents more than 500 colleges and universities across the United States, Puerto Rico, Latin America, and Spain. Through its advocacy, scholarship programs, and strategic partnerships with donors and corporations, HACU has played a vital role in improving college access, persistence, and graduation rates for Hispanic students (Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities, n.d.). The organization exemplifies the giving patterns of Latino donors by focusing on student opportunity, educational equity, and representation in higher education.

Despite increasing Latino wealth and educational attainment, racial disparities in philanthropic funding persist. As Sullivan (2020) reported in The New York Times, nonprofit organizations led by Black and Latino individuals are often underfunded compared to those led by white counterparts, even when their outcomes are equally strong. This gap reveals the necessity of trusted organizations like HACU, which donors can rely on to amplify their impact while maintaining accountability to Hispanic communities.

Generational trends also affect giving behavior. Research by Kovic and Hansli (2018) found that Millennials, including a large number of U.S.-born Latinos, are just as interested in engaging with nonprofit organizations as earlier generations. They prefer transparency, impact-oriented giving, and mission alignment. These traits are reflected in HACU’s visibility and strategic communication, which includes scholarship opportunities, alumni success stories, and partnerships that focus on measurable outcomes for students.

According to Shaker and Borden’s (2020) thirty-year analysis of higher education philanthropy, donors today are more likely to give restricted gifts aimed at current student needs, particularly scholarships. Although overall giving from individuals has declined slightly compared to organizational support, Latino donors continue to contribute through both formal and informal networks. This includes supporting family members directly, contributing to churches and local education efforts, and investing in institutions like HACU that are aligned with their cultural and social values (Tempel et al., 2016).

Latino and Hispanic donors are highly engaged in education-focused philanthropy, driven by cultural values and a commitment to community advancement. HACU stands as a prime example of an organization that embodies these priorities and channels donor support into tangible benefits for students. As philanthropy becomes more aware of issues of equity and representation, recognizing and empowering Latino donor communities will be essential for ensuring inclusive and effective giving in the future.

References.

Hispanic Association of Colleges and Universities. (n.d.). About HACU. https://www.hacu.net

Kovic, M., & Hansli, N. (2018). Do Millennials care about NPOs? Intergenerational differences in attitudes towards nonprofit organizations. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 30(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11266-018-0008-6

Shaker, G. G., & Borden, V. M. H. (2020, March). Trends and issues: Thirty years of supporting U.S. college and university philanthropy. Indiana University Lilly Family School of Philanthropy.

Sullivan, P. (2020, May 1). In philanthropy, race is still a factor in who gets what, study shows. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/01/your-money/philanthropy-race.html

Tempel, E. R., Seiler, T. L., Burlingame, D. F., Nathan, S. K., & Stanczykiewicz, K. A. (Eds.). (2016). Achieving excellence in fundraising (5th ed.). Wiley.

Women and Philanthropy in Higher Education: Redefining Generosity and Leadership

Women are transforming the philanthropic landscape in higher education, bringing values driven leadership, collaboration, and a sustained commitment to equity and impact. Traditionally overlooked or mischaracterized as secondary donors, women are now recognized as a powerful and distinct donor population whose influence is both expanding and reshaping how institutions approach fundraising.

Women’s growing presence in philanthropy reflects broader social and economic shifts. With increases in educational attainment, income, and professional leadership roles, women are no longer just participants in giving decisions. They are often the primary decision makers. According to Shaker, Tempel, Nathan, and Stanczykiewicz (2016), women tend to approach philanthropy through a relational and values oriented lens, seeking to support causes that reflect their ethical beliefs and lived experiences. In higher education, this often translates to funding scholarships, mentoring programs, and initiatives that promote diversity, equity, and access.

A key differentiator of women’s giving is the emphasis on collective impact and long term engagement. Unlike traditional models that focus heavily on large one time gifts, women frequently contribute through giving circles, recurring donations, and volunteerism. This approach creates sustained support and a deeper personal investment in the institution’s mission (Shaker et al., 2016). For example, women led philanthropic groups such as Women in Philanthropy at the University of South Carolina or Smith College’s Women for Smith have mobilized donors to fund everything from student support services to faculty development, demonstrating how coordinated and collaborative efforts can drive transformative change.

Women also challenge assumptions about donor recognition and motivation. Rather than giving for status or naming rights, many women donors ask, “What difference will my gift make?” (Shaker et al., 2016). They are more likely to prioritize outcomes over accolades and seek meaningful engagement with beneficiaries. This orientation encourages institutions to focus not only on fundraising totals, but also on transparency, storytelling, and evidence of student success.

Furthermore, women’s giving in higher education often intersects with broader advocacy. Many women philanthropists support causes related to gender equity, racial justice, and access to education, amplifying their financial gifts with policy engagement and institutional accountability. This integrated approach creates a more holistic impact and encourages colleges and universities to adopt inclusive, student centered practices.

To engage women philanthropically, higher education institutions must shift their strategies to emphasize authenticity, relationship building, and mission alignment. Fundraisers should highlight opportunities for collaboration, showcase real student stories, and offer ongoing engagement rather than transactional appeals. In doing so, colleges and universities not only unlock significant financial resources but also cultivate a donor community that is passionate, invested, and aligned with their core values.

Women are not just donors. They are visionaries, advocates, and changemakers. As their role in higher education philanthropy continues to grow, so too does the potential for creating institutions that are more inclusive, equitable, and responsive to the needs of diverse communities.

References.

Shaker, G. G., Tempel, E. R., Nathan, S. K., & Stanczykiewicz, B. (Eds.). (2016). Achieving excellence in fundraising (5th ed.). Wiley.

Redefining Postsecondary Success: The Growing Appeal of Trade Schools in New Jersey

In recent years, New Jersey has witnessed a significant shift in the postsecondary choices of its high school graduates. While four-year universities and community colleges have traditionally been seen as the default pathways to career success, an increasing number of students are choosing to enroll in trade and vocational schools instead. This shift reflects broader national trends, but it is especially notable in New Jersey, where county-based vocational-technical school districts have seen surging demand, expanded programming, and growing recognition from policymakers. Factors contributing to this trend include the escalating cost of college tuition, concerns about student debt, a robust labor market demand for skilled trades, and a changing societal perception of what constitutes a “successful” career. As New Jersey continues to invest in career and technical education (CTE), this transformation has implications not only for education policy but for workforce development, economic equity, and social mobility.

Current State and Growth of Trade Schools in New Jersey

Trade schools in New Jersey have grown significantly over the last two decades. According to the New Jersey Council of County Vocational-Technical Schools (NJCCVTS), enrollment in vocational schools has increased by over 40% since 2000, and many programs have waitlists due to high demand (Burney, 2022). In 2022 alone, the state committed $223 million in school construction grants to expand career and technical education facilities across 17 county vocational-technical school districts (NJ Department of Education [NJDOE], 2022). These investments were part of Governor Phil Murphy’s broader strategy to modernize New Jersey’s workforce and reduce skills gaps in critical sectors such as advanced manufacturing, construction, IT, and healthcare.

Moreover, students in these programs are not just gaining technical skills—they are excelling academically. A 2021 NJDOE report indicated that students attending county vocational schools consistently outperform their peers on standardized assessments and demonstrate higher graduation rates, often exceeding 95% (NJDOE, 2021). Many CTE students also participate in dual enrollment programs, earning college credits while in high school, which adds to the appeal of these programs over traditional four-year college tracks.

Why Students Are Choosing Trade Schools

Several intertwined factors explain why more students are opting for trade education:

1. Economic Pragmatism
   The cost of college tuition has continued to rise, with New Jersey's average annual in-state tuition for a four-year public university exceeding $14,000 (College Board, 2023). When factoring in living expenses and fees, many families find college unaffordable without incurring significant debt. In contrast, trade schools and vocational programs typically cost a fraction of that and often lead directly to employment. According to the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), graduates of vocational programs tend to earn higher initial wages than their peers from two-year colleges, particularly in fields like plumbing, electrical work, and medical technology (NCES, 2021).

2. Job Market Alignment
   New Jersey's labor market is in urgent need of skilled workers. A 2023 report from the New Jersey Business & Industry Association (NJBIA) cited acute shortages in fields such as construction, transportation, and IT support—areas in which trade schools offer streamlined and responsive training. Employers are partnering with vocational schools to design curricula that reflect current industry standards, increasing graduates’ job readiness and employability (NJBIA, 2023).

3. Changing Cultural Perceptions
   Historically, vocational education was seen as a secondary track—often stigmatized or reserved for students not perceived as “college-bound.” That perception is changing. Campaigns by NJCCVTS and partnerships with industry leaders have reframed trade education as a prestigious and practical choice, emphasizing success stories of students earning certifications, licenses, and competitive salaries without incurring crushing debt (AEI, 2016). The visibility of skilled trades in the media and the promotion of apprenticeships have also helped normalize and celebrate blue-collar professions.

Policy and Institutional Support

New Jersey has positioned itself as a national leader in modern CTE. Statewide policies such as the Securing Our Children's Future Bond Act and the Pathways to Career Opportunities initiative have provided funding to upgrade equipment, expand classrooms, and increase enrollment capacity in vocational programs (NJDOE, 2022). Additionally, career and technical schools are integrating work-based learning, apprenticeships, and dual credit partnerships with community colleges and employers, giving students a head start on both career and academic advancement.

High schools are also contributing by embedding career exploration into early education, introducing CTE pathways as early as ninth grade. Some school districts have “career academies” within comprehensive high schools, offering majors such as health sciences, business, or engineering. These shifts signal a broader reimagining of postsecondary preparation—one that values applied learning as much as academic theory.

Conclusion

The rise of trade schools in New Jersey marks a pivotal transformation in how young people and their families envision success after high school. This growing preference for vocational education is driven by clear economic incentives, robust job market alignment, and a cultural reevaluation of the skilled trades. New Jersey’s investments in CTE, coupled with strong institutional support and industry partnerships, have positioned the state at the forefront of the career education movement. As more students seek efficient, affordable, and purpose-driven educational options, trade schools are not merely an alternative—they are becoming a first choice. The state’s challenge moving forward will be ensuring equitable access to these programs and maintaining quality as demand continues to rise. Supporting students in pursuing practical, well-paying careers is not just good education policy—it is smart economic strategy.

References

American Enterprise Institute (AEI). (2016). The evolving high school CTE: New Jersey’s distinctive approach to career education. https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/the-evolving-high-school-cte-new-jerseys-distinctive-approach-to-career-education/

Burney, M. (2022, March 17). New Jersey’s vocational schools growing in popularity. GovTech. https://www.govtech.com/education/k-12/new-jerseys-vocational-schools-growing-in-popularity

College Board. (2023). Trends in college pricing 2023. https://research.collegeboard.org

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). (2021). Career and technical education statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/surveys/ctes/

New Jersey Business & Industry Association (NJBIA). (2023). Workforce development report. https://www.njbia.org

New Jersey Department of Education (NJDOE). (2021). County vocational-technical schools performance summary. https://www.nj.gov/education

New Jersey Department of Education (NJDOE). (2022). Securing Our Children’s Future Bond Act grant awards. https://www.nj.gov/education